python_set_functions

Table from: https://docs.python.org/2/library/sets.html

Operation	Equivalent	Result
len(s)		cardinality of set s
x in s		test x for membership in s
x not in s		test x for non-membership in s
s.issubset(t)	s <= t	test whether every element in s is in t
s.issuperset(t)	s >= t	test whether every element in t is in s
s.union(t)	s | t	new set with elements from both s and t
s.intersection(t)	s & t	new set with elements common to s and t
s.difference(t)	s - t	new set with elements in s but not in t
s.symmetric_difference(t)	s ^ t	new set with elements in either s or t but not both
s.copy()		new set with a shallow copy of s

Glioma classification (English and Chinese version)

http://www.abta.org/brain-tumor-information/types-of-tumors/glioblastoma.html
http://www.abta.org/brain-tumor-information/types-of-tumors/glioma.html


Glioma胶质瘤
-from glial cell.

(1)glial cell 神经胶质细胞 (support tissue and keep them in position and function normally) include:
1. astrocyte 星形胶质细胞(astrocytomas星形细胞瘤, including glioblastoma/GBM胶质母细胞瘤)
2. oligodendrocyte少突胶质细胞 (oligodendrogliomas少突胶质细胞瘤)
3. ependymal cells 室管膜细胞(ependymomas室管膜瘤)
-mixed gliomas: mixture of these different cells
-Tumors like "optic nerve glioma" or "brain stem glioma" are named for location, not their tissue origin.

(2) astrocytoma has four grades (grading relies on evaluation of anaplasia, dedifferentiation and malignancy):
 1. juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma毛细胞型星形细胞瘤
 2. low grade astrocytoma=diffuse astrocytomas 低恶性胶质细胞瘤
 3. anaplastic astrocytoma 未分化胶质细胞瘤
 4. glioblastoma 胶质母细胞瘤

(3) ependymoma

(4) mixed glioma (=oligoastrocytoma): having a high proportion of more than one type of cell usually astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

(5) optic glioma: involved part of the optic pathway

(6) gliomatosis cerebri: widespread glial tumor cells in brain.

Glioblastoma胶质母细胞瘤

GBM: anaplastic, cellular gliomas composed of poorly differentiated, often pleomorphic astrocytic tumor cells with marked nuclear atypia and brisk mitotic activity.
-arise from astrocyte
-highly malignant
-contain mixed of cell types

(1) primary: most common, tend to form and make their presence known quickly.
(2) secondary: longer, slower growth history, but still very aggressive, may begin as lower grade but eventually higher grade, more found in 45s or younger, consist 10% of GBM

GBM take account of 17% primary brain tumor, 60-75% astrocytomas.

survival time: median-4.6 month, 2 year survival-30%.
MGMT methylated have longer survival time.